منابع مشابه
Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism is the way two organisms of different species exist in a relationship in which each individual benefits from the activity of the other. Similar interactions within a species are known as co-operation. Mutualism can be contrasted with interspecific competition, in which each species experiences reduced fitness, and exploitation, or parasitism, in which one species benefits at the expen...
متن کاملNematode-bacteria mutualism: Selection within the mutualism supersedes selection outside of the mutualism.
The coevolution of interacting species can lead to codependent mutualists. Little is known about the effect of selection on partners within verses apart from the association. Here, we determined the effect of selection on bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophila) both within and apart from its mutualistic partner (a nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae). In nature, the two species cooperatively infect an...
متن کاملStabilizing mechanisms in a legume-rhizobium mutualism.
Preferential rewarding of more beneficial partners may stabilize mutualisms against the invasion of less beneficial, that is cheater, genotypes. Recent evidence suggests that both partner choice and sanctioning may play roles in preventing the invasion of less-beneficial rhizobia in legume-rhizobium mutualisms. The importance of these mechanisms in natural communities, however, remains unclear....
متن کاملA 2D Differential Equations Model for Mutualism
We develop from basic principles a two-species differential equations model which exhibits mutualistic population interactions. The model is similar in spirit to a commonly cited model (Dean 1983), but corrects problems with singularities in that model. In addition, we investigate our model in more depth. The behavior of the system is investigated by varying the intrinsic growth rate for each o...
متن کاملEvolving Towards Mutualism
Plants, and all other living things, require nitrogen for growth; it is an essential component of nucleic acids and proteins. Although air is mostly nitrogen, this gaseous form is inaccessible to plants and must be fixed into ammonium to render it biologically relevant. Soil bacteria called rhizobia fix nitrogen, but to do this they must first take up residence inside the roots of legumes like ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: BioScience
سال: 2008
ISSN: 1525-3244,0006-3568
DOI: 10.1641/b580201